• High strength
• High toughness
• Improved control of manufacturing properties

Capabilities:

Normalizing involves the austenitizing of a Ductile Iron casting, followed by cooling in air through the critical temperature. An as-cast Ductile Iron casting is normalized in order to: break down carbides, increase hardness and strength, and produce more uniform properties (see Figures 3.16 and 3.18). Normalizing should be carried out at an austenitizing temperature approximately 100^oC (212^oF) above the critical temperature range. Typically, austenitizing temperatures in the range 1600-1650^oF (875-900^oC) and holding times of one hour, plus one hour per inch of casting thickness, are adequate to produce a fully austenitic structure in unalloyed castings relatively free of carbide. The cooling rate should be sufficiently rapid to suppress ferrite formation and produce a fully pearlitic structure. Depending on casting section size and alloy content, adequate cooling rates can be achieved in still air, or large fans may be required. If fan cooling cannot produce the desired pearlitic structure, the castings should be alloyed with pearlite stabilizing elements such as copper, tin, nickel or antimony. Figure 7.6 illustrates the effect of alloy content and section size on the hardness of normalized Ductile Iron. Step normalizing, which employs a second, lower temperature stage prior to air cooling, can be used to provide the improved matrix control required for the production the pearlitic/ferritic grades of Ductile Iron.

Reference Accounts

Reference 1

Plate or flat stock materials. (Pictures)

Reference 2

Machined materials. (Pictures)

Reference 3

Turbo, Pump, Pipe stock. (Pictures)